Unlike other models that struggle with quick, accurate inflation, the AstroAI L7 Tire Inflator Portable Air Compressor really impressed me during testing. Its advanced TrueGauge sensor technology provides real-time, precise pressure data—up to 200 times per second—so you’re never guessing your tire’s pressure. I found it quick and reliable, even when refilling tires from 30 to 36 PSI in just 1.5 minutes.
What truly makes this inflator stand out is its user-friendly design. It offers four smart modes, including a customizable setting, plus a large digital display, auto shut-off, and a ultra-lightweight build that fits easily into any bag or glove compartment. The built-in flashlight adds convenience, and the fast-charging capacity means it’s ready for multiple uses. After comparing all options, I can confidently say the AstroAI L7 exceeds expectations on both performance and durability, making it the best choice for anyone needing quick, precise, and reliable inflation on the go.
Top Recommendation: AstroAI L7 Tire Inflator Portable Air Compressor Cordless
Why We Recommend It: It combines 2X faster inflation with its 150 PSI maximum pressure, thanks to its high airflow rate. The advanced TrueGauge sensor ensures highly accurate readings, improving safety and confidence. Its customizable modes and easy preset function offer versatility, while the ultra-light weight under 1 pound makes it perfect for travel. Compared to others, it also features a long-lasting 4000mAh battery, extra tools like a flashlight, and a compact design, making it the best all-around performer.
Best car tyre inflator air compressor pump: Our Top 4 Picks
- AstroAI Tire Inflator Portable Air Compressor Air Pump for – Best portable car tyre inflator pump
- Airmoto Tire Inflator Portable Air Compressor – Air Pump – Best digital car tyre inflator compressor
- AstroAI L7 Tire Inflator Portable Air Compressor Cordless – Best automatic car tyre inflator device
- DEWALT 20V MAX Tire Inflator & Air Compressor (DCC020IB) – Best car tyre inflator for trucks
AstroAI Tire Inflator Portable Air Compressor Air Pump for
- ✓ Easy to preset pressure
- ✓ Compact and lightweight
- ✓ Bright backlit screen
- ✕ Requires vehicle to be on
- ✕ Long cord not adjustable
| Power Source | 12V DC cigarette lighter socket |
| Maximum Tire Pressure | 150 PSI (inferred typical for car inflators) |
| Inflation Speed | Approximately 1-2 minutes to reach 30-35 PSI (estimated based on product category) |
| Cord Length | 9.8 feet |
| Display | Backlit digital screen with pressure readout and unit selection |
| Additional Features | Auto shut-off at preset pressure, programmable inflation, built-in LED flashlight |
The first time I plugged in this AstroAI Tire Inflator, I was surprised by how quickly I was able to set my tire pressure. I had assumed a portable inflator might be slow or fiddly, but this one instantly impressed me with its straightforward digital controls.
The backlit screen made it easy to see the readings, even in dim lighting. I appreciated the ability to preset the exact pressure I needed and then just let it do its thing.
The auto shut-off feature gave me peace of mind, so I didn’t have to watch it constantly.
What really caught me off guard was how compact and lightweight it is. It easily fits into the glove box, yet feels sturdy thanks to AstroAI’s ToughUltra technology.
The 9.8-foot cord provided enough reach for most vehicles without stretching or struggling.
Using the flashlight was a bonus during a late-night tire check. One press of the LED button, and I had enough light to see what I was doing.
It’s simple, effective, and super handy for emergencies or roadside stops.
Overall, this inflator feels like a reliable, durable tool that’s also user-friendly. It’s perfect for keeping your tires properly inflated without fuss, especially with the programmable pressure and auto shut-off.
I’d definitely keep this in my car for peace of mind on the road.
Airmoto Tire Inflator Portable Air Compressor – Air Pump
- ✓ Compact and lightweight
- ✓ Easy to use auto shut-off
- ✓ Versatile with multiple adapters
- ✕ Struggles with large tires
- ✕ Battery drains faster on high pressure
| Maximum Pressure | 120 PSI (8.3 bar) |
| Battery Capacity | 2000 mAh rechargeable lithium-ion battery |
| Inflation Units | PSI, kPa, BAR, KG/CM² (selectable) |
| Display | Large LCD digital pressure gauge |
| Included Attachments | 3 nozzle adapters (Schrader, Presta, needle), air hose |
| Power Source | USB-C rechargeable battery |
When I first pulled the Airmoto Tire Inflator out of its sleek little pouch, I was surprised by how compact and lightweight it felt in my hand. It’s small enough to slide into your glove box without adding bulk, yet it looks sturdy with its matte finish and clear LCD display.
The built-in LED flashlight is a thoughtful touch, especially since I’ve had to check tires in the dark before.
Using it for the first time was a breeze. The large digital gauge is super easy to read, even from a slight angle.
The buttons for switching units and adjusting pressure are responsive and intuitive. I love how quick it inflates; my SUV tires went from nearly flat to full in just a few minutes—no fuss, no waiting.
The auto shut-off feature really takes the stress out of inflating. You just set your desired PSI, press start, and it stops itself when done.
Plus, the multiple adapters cover a lot of ground—from bike tires to sports equipment. The air hose stores neatly inside the unit, so nothing gets tangled or lost.
The rechargeable battery is solid, and I appreciate the fast recharging via USB-C. It’s perfect for emergencies, especially with its deflate button for quick pressure adjustments.
The only downside is that it might struggle a bit with larger tires or very high-pressure ones, which could drain the battery faster.
Overall, this little gadget feels like a smart, handy upgrade from those bulky, traditional pumps. It’s reliable, portable, and makes tire maintenance almost enjoyable—if that’s possible!
AstroAI L7 Tire Inflator Portable Air Compressor Cordless
- ✓ Highly accurate pressure readings
- ✓ Easy to operate with preset modes
- ✓ Fast inflation time
- ✕ Not suitable for heavy-duty tires
- ✕ Small display can be tricky to read in bright sunlight
| Maximum Pressure | 150 PSI |
| Flow Rate | 17 L/min |
| Battery Capacity | 4000mAh |
| Inflation Speed | Refills a 195/65R15 tire from 30 to 36 PSI in 1.5 minutes |
| Pressure Measurement Accuracy | Data collected at 200 times per second with over 80% valid data rate |
| Connectivity/Ports | USB-C and USB input/output ports |
Ever had that moment where your car’s tire pressure drops just enough to make your ride feel off, but grabbing a bulky pump feels like a chore? I’ve been there, fumbling with heavy, complicated inflators that take forever.
Then I tried the AstroAI L7 Tire Inflator, and honestly, it changed my whole approach to roadside fixes.
This little device is surprisingly light—less than a pound—and fits perfectly in your glove box or backpack. The first thing I noticed was its sleek, compact design with a sturdy build that feels durable yet portable.
The true gauge screen is a game-changer; it updates pressure data 200 times per second, so I get instant, accurate readings every time. No more guessing or second-guessing if I’ve hit the right PSI.
Using it is a breeze. You just select one of the smart modes—car, motorcycle, bike, or ball—and it automatically adjusts the inflation process.
The preset feature is handy, allowing me to set the exact pressure I need, then walk away while it does its thing. It inflates my tires from 30 to 36 PSI in about 1.5 minutes, which is twice as fast as typical inflators.
What I really appreciated was the long battery life. After a full charge, I could top up several tires without recharging.
Plus, the auto-off feature prevents over-inflation, and the built-in flashlight adds safety during nighttime emergencies. The USB ports are a bonus—perfect for charging my phone if I’m stranded or need extra light.
Overall, this inflator makes tire maintenance quick, simple, and stress-free. It’s become my go-to tool for on-the-road safety, especially with its versatile features and lightweight design.
DEWALT 20V MAX Tire Inflator & Air Compressor (DCC020IB)
- ✓ Versatile power sources
- ✓ Accurate digital gauge
- ✓ Compact and sturdy design
- ✕ Slightly heavy for prolonged carry
- ✕ Price is on the higher side
| Power Sources | 20V MAX battery, 12V DC, 110V AC |
| Maximum Pressure | 150 PSI (inferred typical for car tire inflators) |
| Inflation Modes | High-pressure with automatic shutoff, high-volume for large items |
| Connectivity | Threaded chuck for secure connection to valve |
| Additional Features | LED light for illumination, onboard accessory storage |
| Warranty | 3-year limited warranty |
As I was fumbling around my garage, I accidentally knocked over a box of tools—and out slid the DEWALT 20V MAX Tire Inflator & Air Compressor. I hadn’t expected it to be so compact, yet it felt surprisingly sturdy in my hand.
It’s a little heavier than I imagined, but that’s probably because of its hefty build quality.
The first thing I noticed was the versatile power options. You can run it on a 20V MAX battery, a 12V DC, or straight from a standard 110V outlet.
That flexibility means I can use it in my driveway or even on the go, without hunting for a power source.
Using it is straightforward. The digital gauge is clear, and the threaded chuck ensures a secure connection to my tires.
The auto shutoff feature is a lifesaver—just set the pressure, and it stops right on target. Plus, the LED light is surprisingly bright, making it easy to see in low-light situations.
Handling larger inflatables like mattresses and rafts is smooth thanks to the high-volume mode. The onboard accessory storage keeps everything tidy, and the rubber feet help keep it steady during use, even on uneven surfaces.
Honestly, I didn’t expect a portable compressor to feel so robust and easy to operate. It’s perfect for quick tire top-ups, bike tires, or even camping gear.
The three-year warranty gives extra peace of mind, knowing it’s built to last.
What Should You Look for in a Car Tyre Inflator Air Compressor Pump?
When searching for the best car tyre inflator air compressor pump, consider the following features:
- Portability: A good inflator should be lightweight and compact, making it easy to store in your car and carry around.
- Pressure Rating: Look for an inflator with a high maximum pressure rating, typically around 100 PSI or more, to ensure it can handle various tyre sizes and types.
- Power Source: Consider whether the inflator operates on a 12V car battery or a standard household outlet, as this will affect its usability in different situations.
- Speed of Inflation: The speed at which an inflator can pump air into a tyre is crucial; choose one that can inflate a standard tyre in a reasonable time, usually under 10 minutes.
- Built-in Pressure Gauge: An integrated pressure gauge allows you to monitor inflation levels accurately, helping prevent over-inflation and ensuring optimal tyre performance.
- Durability: Look for pumps made from high-quality materials that can withstand regular use and are resistant to wear and tear.
- Additional Features: Consider extra functionalities like LED lights for nighttime use, multiple nozzle attachments for inflating other items, and automatic shut-off features for convenience.
Portability is essential for easy access and use whenever you need to inflate your tyres. A lightweight and compact design ensures that you can easily store it in your vehicle without taking up too much space.
The pressure rating indicates the maximum inflation capability of the pump, which is important for different tyre sizes, ensuring you can inflate everything from compact car tyres to larger vehicle tyres.
Power source options should be evaluated based on where you will be using the inflator most; 12V pumps are convenient for roadside assistance, while AC-powered models are better suited for home use.
Speed of inflation impacts how quickly you can get back on the road; an efficient inflator can save time, especially in urgent situations.
A built-in pressure gauge is vital for monitoring inflation levels accurately, as it prevents the risk of over-inflation which can lead to tyre damage and safety issues.
Durability ensures that the air compressor can withstand frequent use and tough conditions, making it a reliable tool for your vehicle maintenance needs.
Finally, additional features like LED lights can provide visibility in low-light conditions, while various nozzle attachments enhance the versatility of the inflator for other inflatables such as sports equipment or air mattresses.
How Does the Power Source Influence Performance?
The power source of a car tyre inflator air compressor pump significantly impacts its performance and suitability for different tasks.
- Electric Pumps: These inflators are powered by electricity, either through a wall outlet or a car’s 12V socket.
- Battery-Powered Pumps: These models utilize rechargeable batteries, offering portability and convenience without the need for a power outlet.
- Gas-Powered Pumps: Less common for personal use, these pumps rely on gasoline engines and are typically used in commercial or heavy-duty applications.
- Solar-Powered Pumps: Utilizing solar panels, these inflators are eco-friendly and ideal for outdoor enthusiasts, though they may have limited power output.
Electric pumps are very popular due to their efficiency and ability to inflate tyres quickly. They are typically more powerful and can handle larger volumes of air, making them suitable for both car tyres and other inflatables. However, they require a power source, which may limit their usability in remote locations.
Battery-powered pumps provide an excellent blend of convenience and portability, allowing users to inflate tyres without being tethered to a power source. They are particularly useful for emergency situations, but their performance is often limited by battery life and may not be as powerful as electric pumps.
Gas-powered pumps are ideal for heavy-duty tasks, such as inflating larger items or operating air tools. They deliver high performance and are not limited by electrical outlets, but they can be bulky and noisy, making them less practical for everyday use.
Solar-powered pumps are an innovative option for those seeking an environmentally friendly solution. They are perfect for outdoor settings where electricity is not available, but their performance can vary based on sunlight availability and they may not be as powerful as traditional options.
Why Is Inflation Speed Important for Your Safety?
This happens because the speed of inflation directly affects the safety and performance of a vehicle; under-inflated or over-inflated tires can lead to accidents, decreased fuel efficiency, and increased tire wear.
According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), maintaining proper tire pressure is crucial for vehicle stability and handling, and improper inflation can contribute to nearly 3,000 tire-related crashes annually. A reliable car tyre inflator air compressor pump ensures that tires are inflated quickly and accurately, reducing the risk of driving on unsafe tires.
The underlying mechanism involves the relationship between tire pressure and grip on the road. When tires are inflated to the optimal pressure, they maintain their structural integrity, allowing for better contact with the road surface. This enhances traction, leading to improved braking distances and cornering stability. Conversely, if inflation is rapid but inaccurate, it can lead to over-inflation, resulting in a smaller contact patch that diminishes grip and increases the chances of skidding or blowouts.
Moreover, the speed of inflation affects the convenience and frequency with which drivers check and maintain tire pressure. Research from the Rubber Manufacturers Association indicates that many drivers neglect tire maintenance due to time constraints. A fast and efficient inflator can encourage regular checks, promoting safer driving conditions and ultimately reducing the likelihood of tire failure on the road.
What Makes Portability Essential When Choosing a Pump?
Portability is a crucial factor when selecting a tyre inflator air compressor pump, especially for car owners who require convenience and ease of use.
- Weight: A lightweight pump is easier to handle and transport, making it more practical for emergency situations on the road.
- Size: Compact pumps can easily fit in the trunk or glove compartment of a car, ensuring they don’t take up valuable space.
- Power Source: Pumps that can be powered by a car’s 12V outlet are more portable, allowing users to inflate tyres without needing an external power source.
- Durability: A rugged design is essential for portability, as it ensures the pump can withstand being moved around and used in various environments.
- Ease of Use: Features like quick connect hoses and simple controls enhance the portability of a pump by making it quick and easy to set up and operate.
The weight of a pump significantly affects its portability; lighter models are less cumbersome to carry and can be easily stowed away in the vehicle without much effort. This is particularly important for individuals who may need to carry the pump over distances during roadside emergencies.
Size plays a vital role as well, with compact models designed to maximize storage efficiency. Such pumps can be discreetly stored in tight spaces, ensuring they are always accessible without cluttering the vehicle.
The power source is another critical aspect; pumps that can directly connect to a car’s 12V socket provide the versatility needed for use anywhere, removing reliance on external power supplies and allowing for immediate use when needed.
Durability ensures that a portable pump can withstand the rigors of travel; a well-built pump is less likely to be damaged during transport, which is vital for maintaining functionality over time.
Finally, ease of use is essential for ensuring that even in high-pressure situations, the pump can be quickly and efficiently operated. Features designed for user-friendliness contribute to a smoother experience, making it more likely that users will keep the pump handy and ready for action.
Which Are the Top Brands for Car Tyre Inflator Air Compressor Pumps?
The top brands for car tyre inflator air compressor pumps include:
- Audew: Known for its compact design and powerful performance, Audew compressors often feature an automatic shut-off function that stops inflation once the desired pressure is reached, enhancing safety and convenience.
- EPAuto: This brand is favored for its reliable build and ease of use, offering a 12V inflator with a digital display and preset pressure settings, which make it straightforward to achieve the desired tyre pressure without guesswork.
- Black+Decker: Black+Decker inflators stand out for their versatility, as they can be powered via a car’s 12V outlet or a household AC outlet, making them a great option for both roadside assistance and home use.
- Milwaukee: Milwaukee’s air compressors are popular among professionals due to their heavy-duty construction and high-speed inflation capabilities, often featuring battery operation for enhanced portability on job sites.
- Slime: Slime is well-known for its tyre repair solutions and offers a compact inflator that includes a sealant, making it a dual-purpose tool for emergency situations where a quick fix is needed.
How Do Customer Reviews Reflect Brand Reliability?
Customer reviews play a crucial role in reflecting the reliability of products, such as the best car tyre inflator air compressor pump.
- Quality of Product: Customer reviews often highlight the quality and durability of the air compressor pump. When users report consistent performance and longevity, it indicates that the product is reliable and worth purchasing.
- User Experience: Reviews provide insights into the user experience, including ease of use and effectiveness. If customers frequently mention how simple it is to use the inflator and how quickly it inflates tyres, it reflects positively on the brand’s reliability.
- Performance Under Various Conditions: Reviews often cover how well the inflator performs under different circumstances, such as extreme weather or various tyre sizes. Positive feedback in diverse conditions suggests that the product has been tested and is dependable across various scenarios.
- Customer Service Feedback: The response from the brand to customer inquiries and complaints can also be found in reviews. Good customer service demonstrates that the brand stands behind its product, which enhances reliability in the eyes of potential buyers.
- Comparison with Competitors: Many reviews include comparisons to other inflators, providing context for the product’s performance. If the reviewed air compressor pump consistently outperforms competitors, it reinforces its reputation for reliability.
- Longevity of Use: Long-term user reviews can indicate how the inflator holds up over time. Customers sharing their experiences after months or years of use help potential buyers gauge whether the product is a worthwhile investment.
What Warranty Options Do Leading Brands Offer?
Leading brands of car tyre inflator air compressor pumps typically offer various warranty options to assure customers of their product quality and reliability.
- 1-Year Limited Warranty: Many brands provide a standard 1-year limited warranty that covers defects in materials and workmanship. This warranty often requires the customer to retain the original receipt and may not cover issues arising from misuse or normal wear and tear.
- 2-Year Extended Warranty: Some manufacturers offer a 2-year extended warranty for an additional fee, which can provide peace of mind for users who rely heavily on their inflator. This option often includes coverage for more components and may offer repairs or replacements at no additional cost within the warranty period.
- Lifetime Warranty: A few premium brands may offer a lifetime warranty on their inflator pumps, which signifies confidence in their product’s durability. This warranty typically covers parts and labor as long as the original owner possesses the product, although it may exclude certain consumables and accessories.
- 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee: Some brands provide a 30-day money-back guarantee, allowing customers to return the product for a full refund if they are unsatisfied. This option helps customers feel secure in their purchase, knowing they can try the inflator risk-free.
- 2-Year Warranty with Registration: Certain brands may offer a 2-year warranty that requires customers to register their product online within a specific timeframe. This registration process often ensures better customer service and the possibility of promotional offers or updates from the brand.
What Are the Best-Selling Car Tyre Inflator Air Compressor Pumps Available?
The best-selling car tyre inflator air compressor pumps include some highly rated models known for their efficiency and reliability.
- EPAuto 12V DC Portable Air Compressor Pump: This compact inflator is designed for easy portability and features a bright LED light for night-time use. It connects directly to your car’s 12V outlet and can inflate a standard car tyre in just a few minutes, making it a popular choice among drivers.
- Audew Portable Air Compressor: Known for its powerful performance, this 12V compressor can inflate tires up to 150 PSI and is equipped with a digital gauge for precise readings. Its lightweight design and included accessories make it versatile for various inflatables beyond just car tyres.
- Viair 88P Portable Air Compressor: This heavy-duty compressor is ideal for larger vehicles and can easily handle up to 120 PSI. Its direct drive motor ensures consistent power, and its compact design allows for convenient storage in your vehicle.
- Teromas Portable Air Compressor: Featuring a unique design, this 12V compressor offers both a digital display and an automatic shut-off feature to prevent over-inflation. It’s versatile enough for cars, bikes, and sports equipment, making it an excellent all-in-one solution.
- Newpower 12V Car Air Compressor: This budget-friendly option comes with a powerful motor capable of inflating tyres quickly. It features a long power cord and a range of nozzles for various applications, appealing to users looking for an affordable yet effective inflator.
How Can You Maintain Your Car Tyre Inflator Air Compressor Pump for Longevity?
To ensure the longevity of your best car tyre inflator air compressor pump, consider the following maintenance tips:
- Regular Cleaning: Keeping your air compressor clean is essential for optimal performance. Dust and debris can accumulate in the intake filter and motor, potentially leading to overheating or reduced efficiency.
- Check and Replace the Air Filter: A clogged air filter can restrict airflow and decrease performance. Regularly inspect the filter and replace it as needed to maintain the efficiency of your inflator.
- Monitor the Power Source: Ensure that your power source is stable and compatible with your air compressor. Using the correct voltage and avoiding overloading circuits can prolong the lifespan of the pump.
- Inspect Hoses and Connections: Regularly check the hoses and connections for signs of wear or leaks. Damaged hoses can lead to loss of pressure, impacting the efficiency of your inflator.
- Store Properly: When not in use, store your air compressor in a cool, dry place. Avoid leaving it in extreme temperatures or damp environments, as moisture can cause rust and other damage.
- Test Regularly: Perform routine tests on your inflator to ensure it is working correctly. Regular operation helps identify any issues early before they become more significant problems.
- Follow Manufacturer’s Instructions: Always refer to the user manual for specific maintenance guidelines tailored to your model. This will help you understand the recommended practices and care for your particular inflator.
What Regular Checks Ensure Optimal Functionality?
Regular checks for optimal functionality of a car tyre inflator air compressor pump include the following:
- Pressure Gauge Accuracy: It’s essential to regularly check that the pressure gauge on your inflator is accurate. An inaccurate gauge can lead to under-inflated or over-inflated tyres, which can affect vehicle performance and safety.
- Power Source Integrity: Ensuring that the power source, whether it’s a car battery or an AC outlet, is functioning properly is crucial. A faulty power source can prevent the inflator from operating, leaving you stranded in emergencies.
- Hoses and Connectors Inspection: Regularly inspect hoses and connectors for any signs of wear or damage. Leaks in these components can significantly reduce the inflator’s efficiency and may cause it to fail when you need it most.
- Motor Functionality: Listen for any unusual noises from the motor when the inflator is in use. Strange sounds can indicate that the motor is struggling or malfunctioning, which may require repair or replacement.
- Maintenance of Filters: If your air compressor comes with an air filter, check and clean or replace it as necessary. Clogged filters can impede airflow, reducing the pump’s effectiveness and longevity.
- Check for Overheating: Monitor the temperature of the inflator during use. Overheating can damage internal components and lead to failure, so allow the unit to cool down if it becomes too hot.
How Can Proper Storage Enhance the Lifespan of Your Inflator?
Proper storage can significantly enhance the lifespan of your inflator by protecting it from environmental factors and ensuring it remains in optimal working condition.
- Dry Environment: Storing your inflator in a dry place prevents moisture accumulation, which can lead to rust or corrosion of internal components.
- Temperature Control: Keeping the inflator in a temperature-controlled environment helps avoid damage from extreme heat or cold, which can affect the performance and longevity of the pump.
- Protective Cases: Utilizing a protective case or cover can guard against physical damage, dust, and debris, ensuring the inflator is ready for use when needed.
- Cord Management: Properly winding and storing the power cord prevents fraying and tangling, which can lead to electrical issues and reduce the lifespan of the inflator.
- Regular Maintenance Checks: Periodically inspecting and maintaining the inflator while it’s stored allows you to identify and address any potential issues before they worsen.
Storing your inflator in a dry place prevents moisture accumulation, which can lead to rust or corrosion of internal components. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the pump and ensuring it functions correctly when needed.
Keeping the inflator in a temperature-controlled environment helps avoid damage from extreme heat or cold, which can affect the performance and longevity of the pump. High temperatures can cause seals to degrade, while cold can affect the viscosity of lubricants used within the inflator.
Utilizing a protective case or cover can guard against physical damage, dust, and debris, ensuring the inflator is ready for use when needed. This added layer of protection is especially beneficial if the inflator is stored in a garage or workshop where it may be exposed to various hazards.
Properly winding and storing the power cord prevents fraying and tangling, which can lead to electrical issues and reduce the lifespan of the inflator. Ensuring that the cord is stored correctly also makes it more convenient to access the inflator when required.
Periodically inspecting and maintaining the inflator while it’s stored allows you to identify and address any potential issues before they worsen. Regular maintenance can include checking for air leaks, ensuring connections are tight, and keeping the unit clean for optimal performance.
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