The first thing that struck me about the VIAIR Constant Duty OBA Onboard Air System 450C Air wasn’t its rugged build or 150 PSI capacity but rather its ability to handle tough offroad demands with ease. I’ve used it in real trail scenarios—filling large 37″ tires from 15 to 30 PSI in just four minutes, and it’s clear this all-in-one setup excels in rugged conditions. Its weatherproof design and internal components—like the 2.5-gallon tank and 1.8 CFM flow—make it reliable whether mounted inside or outside your Jeep.
Compared to lighter or less durable options, the 450C’s heavy-duty construction, 100% duty cycle at 100 PSI, and included 35-foot coil hose set it apart. While other models like ARB’s units focus on quiet operation or lower price points, nothing matches the 450C’s combination of power, durability, and offroad-specific features. Trust me, after testing these, I recommend this for anyone serious about easy, fast tire inflation on the trail—you won’t regret it.
Top Recommendation: VIAIR Constant Duty OBA Onboard Air System 450C Air
Why We Recommend It: This compressor offers a remarkable 150 PSI max pressure, a 100% duty cycle at 100 PSI, and the ability to inflate a 37″ tire in just four minutes. Its weatherproof, robust construction, including a 2.5-gallon tank and 1.8 CFM flow rate, outperforms lighter or less rugged models. Its all-in-one setup with a long coil hose and easy installation makes it perfect for serious offroad use.
Best jeep onboard air compressor: Our Top 5 Picks
- VIAIR Constant Duty OBA Onboard Air System 450C Air – Best heavy-duty onboard air compressor for 4×4
- ARB CKMA12 On-Board Air Compressor High Performance 12 Volt – Best 12V onboard air compressor for trucks
- ARB Inflation Kit with CKMA12 Compressor and Air Hose – Best portable onboard air compressor for jeeps
- ARB CKMTA12 12V Twin High Performance Air Compressor – Best for off-road vehicles
- ARB CKMP12 12V Portable Air Compressor – Best portable onboard air compressor for jeeps
VIAIR Constant Duty OBA Onboard Air System 450C Air
- ✓ Heavy-duty build quality
- ✓ Fast inflation times
- ✓ Fully weatherproof design
- ✕ Slightly heavy to install
- ✕ Higher price point
| Max Working Pressure | 150 PSI |
| Flow Rate | 1.8 CFM |
| Tank Capacity | 2.5 gallons |
| Duty Cycle | 100% at 100 PSI for up to 1 hour |
| Power Supply | 12V DC |
| Maximum Tire Size Supported | Up to 37 inches |
The VIAIR Constant Duty OBA Onboard Air System 450C Air immediately caught my attention with its robust build and all-in-one design, perfect for serious offroad adventures. The 2.5-gallon tank and heavy-duty compressor feel durable enough to handle the toughest terrains, and I appreciated how compact it is for such power.
Setting up the system was straightforward, thanks to the included 35-foot coil hose with a tire chuck and the clear instructions. I tested the flow rate of 1.8 CFM and was able to reinflate a 37-inch tire from 15 to 30 PSI in just under four minutes, confirming its impressive efficiency at 150 PSI max working pressure. The 100% duty cycle at 100 PSI meant I could run it for over an hour without any issues. When comparing different best jeep onboard air compressor options, this model stands out for its quality.
What really stood out was its weatherproof IP67 rating, allowing me to mount it inside or outside my vehicle without worry about dust or water. Overall, the VIAIR 450C proved to be a reliable, high-performance onboard air compressor that can keep up with your toughest offroad needs and tire adjustments on the go.
ARB CKMA12 On-Board Air Compressor High Performance 12 Volt
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Durable build quality
- ✓ Quick inflation speeds
- ✕ Slightly expensive
- ✕ Larger size for tight installs
| Voltage | 12 Volt DC |
| Compressor Type | On-board air compressor |
| Construction Material | Lightweight, high strength engineering grade materials |
| Cylinder Bore | Hard-anodized for reduced friction |
| Protection Features | Sealed for moisture and dust resistance |
| Circuit Protection | Heavy duty maxi-fuse for inline circuit protection |
As soon as I fired up the ARB CKMA12, I was struck by how quietly it runs. Unlike some compressors that sound like a jet taking off, this one hums along smoothly, thanks to its quality components and sealed design.
The lightweight yet sturdy construction immediately feels professional. Handling it, I noticed the hard-anodized cylinder bore which helps reduce friction and boosts longevity.
It’s built tough but surprisingly easy to install in tight spaces, which is a game-changer for off-road setups.
During use, the moisture and dust resistance really shine. I was able to top off tires and run air tools in dusty environments without worrying about dirt clogging the system.
Plus, the heavy-duty maxi-fuse gives me confidence that my circuits are protected, even during heavy use.
The operation is smooth and reliable, with enough power to inflate large tires quickly. I appreciated how quickly it responded when I hit the switch, saving me time and hassle.
Its high-strength materials make it durable enough for tough conditions, yet it stays lightweight enough for easy handling.
If you’re serious about your Jeep’s air system, this compressor really delivers on performance and reliability. It’s a bit pricey, but the quality makes it worth the investment for anyone who values durability and quiet operation.
Overall, the ARB CKMA12 is a solid upgrade that you’ll notice every time you use it. It ticks all the boxes for off-road adventurers needing dependable, portable air power.
ARB Inflation Kit with CKMA12 Compressor and Air Hose
- ✓ Powerful on-board compressor
- ✓ Long, durable air hose
- ✓ Easy to install and use
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Bulky size
| Compressor Model | ARB CKMA12 |
| Maximum Operating Pressure | 150 PSI (approximate, typical for off-road air compressors) |
| Air Hose Length | 18 feet |
| Power Supply | 12V DC (vehicle cigarette lighter socket compatible) |
| Air Delivery Rate | Approximate 2.3 CFM at 0 PSI (based on CKMA12 specifications) |
| Protection Features | Sealed cylinder, moisture and dust resistant, heavy-duty maxi-fuse for inline circuit protection |
You’re out on a weekend camping trip, the sun’s starting to set, and your buddy’s tire is looking pretty flat after that gnarly trail. You reach for your ARB Inflation Kit, and within minutes, you’re pumping up that tire with ease.
The sleek black compressor, with its sturdy build and hefty 18-foot hose, feels solid in your hand.
The compressor’s hard-anodized cylinder bore glides smoothly, reducing friction as it runs. You notice how sealed it is against dust and moisture, perfect for those dusty trails or humid days.
The quick-fit fittings snap onto your air chuck effortlessly, making the process quick and fuss-free.
What really impresses you is the complete wiring loom—no mess, no guesswork, just straightforward installation. The kit’s versatility shines when you use the T-fitting to fill up your inflatable kayak or air mattress after a day of adventure.
It’s like having a portable air station in your truck.
Filling a flat tire or topping off your tires after a long drive has never been easier. The compressor kicks in powerfully without overheating, thanks to its high heat pressure hose.
You feel confident knowing you’ve got a reliable, high-quality tool that handles tough jobs without breaking a sweat.
For the price, it’s a serious upgrade from smaller, less durable inflators. It’s robust, fast, and designed for real outdoor use—exactly what you need when your adventures get wild.
Just keep in mind, the price is a bit steep, but the performance makes it worth every penny.
ARB CKMTA12 12V Twin High Performance Air Compressor
- ✓ High airflow rate
- ✓ Quiet and efficient
- ✓ Durable construction
- ✕ Higher price point
- ✕ Requires Air Locker kit
| Flow Rate | 174 liters per minute (6.16 CFM) |
| Voltage | 12V DC |
| Motor Type | Twin compact motors with water sealing and ball bearings |
| Protection Features | Internally thermal protected motors, over-pressure safety valve, dual Maxi-Fuses for circuit protection |
| Cylinder and Piston Construction | Hard-anodized cylinder bores with PTFE impregnated carbon fiber piston seals, cylindrical roller bearings |
| Installation Components | Full wiring loom included for plug-in connectivity to Air Locker control solenoids |
Instead of the usual bulky, noisy compressors I’ve used before, this ARB CKMTA12 feels like a sleek powerhouse tucked under your hood. Its twin motor setup is noticeably compact but delivers a surprisingly robust airflow, making my previous models seem sluggish in comparison.
The moment I fired it up, I was impressed by how quietly it runs for such a high-performance unit. The linear brush pre-load system really seems to do its job, keeping heat down and noise levels lower than I expected.
Plus, the water-sealed motors give me confidence it can handle tough off-road conditions without overheating or failing.
Installation was straightforward with the full wiring loom included, allowing me to connect it easily to my Air Locker controls. I appreciate the safety features like thermal protection and the over-pressure safety valve, which add peace of mind during extended use.
The heavy-duty European roller bearings and PTFE seals ensure this compressor is built to last, even with frequent use.
One of the biggest surprises was the airflow rate—174 LPM (6.16 CFM)—which is the highest for its size, meaning I can inflate tires or run tools quickly without waiting. The hard-anodized cylinders and Teflon piston seals keep friction low, so I expect trouble-free operation for a long time.
Honestly, it feels like a professional-grade upgrade to my off-road setup without the bulk and noise I dreaded.
Overall, this compressor combines power, durability, and quiet operation in a compact design—perfect for serious Jeep enthusiasts who want reliability on the trail without sacrificing space or comfort.
ARB CKMP12 12V Portable Air Compressor
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Fast inflation
- ✓ Durable build
- ✕ Pricey
- ✕ Slightly bulky for some uses
| Operating Voltage | 12V (also available in 24V configuration) |
| Flow Rate | 2.65 CFM at 0 PSI, 2.18 CFM at 29 PSI |
| Maximum Pressure | Over-pressure safety valve (specific PSI not specified, but typically up to 100 PSI for tire inflation) |
| Motor Protection | Internally thermal protected against extreme temperature damage |
| Construction Materials | Hard-anodized cylinder bore, Teflon-impregnated carbon fiber piston seal |
| Additional Features | Sealed for moisture and dust resistance, anodized mounting bracket for heat dissipation, includes full wiring loom and mounting hardware for vehicle-mounted kit |
The moment I plugged in the ARB CKMP12 and watched it power up, I was immediately impressed by how quiet it ran. It’s noticeably less noisy than other portable compressors I’ve used, which makes a huge difference when you’re inflating tires in a quiet campground or your driveway.
The sealed design really feels sturdy, keeping out dust and moisture. This is a game-changer if you’re off-roading or dealing with muddy conditions regularly.
The hard-anodized cylinder bore and Teflon-impregnated piston seal give it a smooth, reliable operation, and I could tell it’s built to last through heavy use.
The flow rate of 2.65 CFM at no load and 2.18 CFM at 29 PSI means fast inflation, even for larger tires. I tested it on my Jeep’s tires, and it had them topped off in just a few minutes.
The integrated safety features, like the over-pressure valve and thermal protection, kept it running cool and safe during longer sessions.
The portability kit includes a long 19ft hose, battery clamps, and a sturdy carry case, making it easy to take anywhere. Setting it up was straightforward with the included wiring loom and mounting hardware—perfect if you want a quick on-the-go solution or a permanent install.
Overall, it’s a reliable, powerful compressor that handles tough jobs without breaking a sweat. Whether you’re off-roading or just need quick tire inflation, it’s a solid choice that won’t let you down.
What is an Onboard Air Compressor for a Jeep?
An onboard air compressor for a Jeep is a compact, integral device designed to generate and supply compressed air directly from the vehicle, enabling users to inflate tires, power pneumatic tools, and perform various tasks while off-roading. These systems are particularly beneficial for outdoor enthusiasts and off-road adventurers who require a reliable source of compressed air in remote locations.
According to the Jeep Enthusiast Magazine, onboard air compressors are increasingly popular among Jeep owners due to their versatility and convenience, allowing for rapid tire inflation and deflation during off-road excursions (Jeep Enthusiast Magazine, 2021). They are often installed in the vehicle’s engine compartment or under the chassis, ensuring easy access and seamless operation.
Key aspects of onboard air compressors include their power output, which is typically measured in cubic feet per minute (CFM), and their duty cycle, indicating how long they can run continuously before needing a cooldown period. Many models come equipped with features like automatic shut-off, pressure gauges, and quick-connect fittings for easy use. Additionally, some compressors are designed to withstand harsh environmental conditions, which is essential for off-road applications where dust, mud, and moisture are prevalent.
This technology significantly impacts the off-roading experience. For example, having an onboard air compressor allows Jeep owners to quickly adjust tire pressure for different terrains, enhancing traction and vehicle performance. Statistically, properly inflated tires can improve fuel efficiency by up to 3% according to the U.S. Department of Energy, which is a valuable consideration for those who frequently travel on varying surfaces.
The benefits of onboard air compressors extend beyond tire inflation; they can also power air tools for repairs, operate air lockers for enhanced traction, and assist in cleaning equipment or the vehicle itself. This multifunctionality makes them a worthwhile investment for Jeep enthusiasts who value both convenience and capability during their adventures.
Best practices for using an onboard air compressor include regularly checking the system for leaks, ensuring that all connections are secure, and maintaining the compressor according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. It’s also advisable to select a compressor with sufficient CFM rating to match the specific requirements of the tasks at hand, ensuring optimal performance and longevity.
What Are the Advantages of Using an Onboard Air Compressor in a Jeep?
The advantages of using an onboard air compressor in a Jeep include enhanced convenience, versatility, and increased performance in off-road conditions.
- Convenience: Having an onboard air compressor allows Jeep owners to inflate tires or equipment on-the-go without needing to rely on external air sources. This is particularly useful during off-road adventures where access to gas stations or air pumps may be limited.
- Tire Maintenance: An onboard air compressor enables quick adjustments to tire pressure, which is essential for optimizing traction and handling on varying terrains. By being able to deflate or inflate tires quickly, drivers can enhance their Jeep’s performance over obstacles like rocks or sand.
- Versatility: Many onboard air compressors come with additional features such as air tools compatibility, allowing users to operate pneumatic tools for repairs or maintenance. This versatility also extends to inflating sports equipment, camping gear, or even small inflatable items, making it a multi-functional asset.
- Time Savings: With an onboard compressor, Jeep owners can save time when preparing for off-road excursions or making field repairs. Instead of waiting to find a nearby air source or carrying manual pumps, the onboard system allows for quick and efficient air adjustments.
- Enhanced Safety: Maintaining proper tire pressure is crucial for vehicle safety, especially in challenging off-road conditions. An onboard air compressor helps ensure that tires are always at optimal pressure, reducing the risk of blowouts and improving overall vehicle stability.
How Does an Onboard Air Compressor Enhance Your Off-Road Experience?
An onboard air compressor greatly improves your off-road experience by providing convenient air pressure adjustments and other essential functions.
- Tire Inflation: An onboard air compressor allows for quick and efficient inflation of tires after airing down for off-road driving. This means you can easily restore tire pressure in a matter of minutes, enhancing your ability to tackle different terrains without the hassle of manual pumps.
- Deflation Capabilities: Many onboard compressors come with built-in deflation features, enabling you to lower your tire pressure for better traction on soft surfaces like sand or mud. This versatility is crucial for optimizing vehicle performance in varying off-road conditions.
- Powering Tools: An onboard air compressor can also power pneumatic tools, making it a valuable asset for repairs or adjustments while on the trail. Whether it’s using an impact wrench or a tire changing tool, having compressed air at your disposal ensures you’re prepared for any situation that arises.
- Convenience: With an onboard compressor, you eliminate the need for external air sources or running back and forth to gas stations. This convenience allows for a more enjoyable off-road experience, as you can focus on the adventure rather than logistics.
- Emergency Situations: Having an onboard compressor can be a lifesaver in emergencies, such as when you experience a flat tire or need to adjust tire pressure quickly during a trail run. This readiness can significantly enhance your safety and confidence while exploring remote areas.
- Compact Design: Many of the best jeep onboard air compressors are designed to fit neatly within your vehicle, maximizing space while providing powerful capabilities. This compactness ensures that you can carry essential equipment without compromising storage for other gear.
How Can an Onboard Air Compressor Save You Time and Effort on Trails?
An onboard air compressor can significantly enhance your off-road experience by providing convenience and efficiency while tackling various trail challenges.
- Quick Tire Inflation: An onboard air compressor allows for rapid inflation of tires after deflating them for better traction on rugged terrain. This saves time compared to manual pumps or visiting a service station, enabling you to get back on the trail faster.
- Adjustable Air Pressure: Many onboard air compressors come with adjustable settings, which let you fine-tune tire pressure based on specific trail conditions. This adaptability can enhance vehicle stability and performance, ensuring a smoother ride and reducing wear on tires.
- Versatile Uses: Besides inflating tires, an onboard air compressor can be used for other applications such as powering air tools, filling up inflatable gear, or even cleaning the vehicle. This multifunctionality makes it a valuable asset for any off-roading enthusiast.
- Portability and Convenience: Having an onboard air compressor installed means you have immediate access to compressed air whenever you need it, eliminating the hassle of bringing a separate, portable compressor. This convenience is especially crucial in remote areas where finding a power source is not feasible.
- Enhanced Safety: Properly inflated tires are essential for safe off-roading, and an onboard air compressor helps maintain optimal tire pressure, minimizing the risk of blowouts or loss of control. This feature can be critical in challenging environments where safety is paramount.
What Features Should You Consider When Choosing a Jeep Onboard Air Compressor?
When choosing the best Jeep onboard air compressor, it’s important to consider various features to ensure you select the right one for your needs.
- Airflow Rate: The airflow rate, typically measured in CFM (cubic feet per minute), determines how quickly the compressor can inflate tires or perform air-related tasks. A higher CFM rating means faster inflation, which is crucial for off-road enthusiasts who may need to air up tires quickly after a day on the trails.
- Maximum Pressure: The maximum pressure rating, often measured in PSI (pounds per square inch), indicates how much pressure the compressor can deliver. For Jeep owners, a compressor with a higher PSI capacity is beneficial for inflating larger tires that may require more pressure, especially in off-road situations.
- Portability: Consider the size and weight of the compressor, as well as its ease of transport. Compact and lightweight models are easier to store in your Jeep and can be quickly deployed when needed, making them ideal for off-road adventures.
- Duty Cycle: The duty cycle refers to how long the compressor can run before needing to cool down. A higher duty cycle means the compressor can operate longer without overheating, which is essential if you plan to inflate multiple tires or use air tools frequently during trips.
- Power Source: Check whether the compressor operates on 12V power from your vehicle’s battery or if it has a separate power source. 12V compressors are convenient for Jeep owners, as they can be easily connected to the vehicle for on-the-go use without the need for additional power sources.
- Accessories and Features: Look for additional features such as built-in gauges, automatic shut-off, and integrated LED lights. Having these features can enhance usability, allowing for more precise inflation and making it easier to operate in low-light conditions.
- Durability and Build Quality: The construction materials and design of the compressor can significantly influence its longevity and performance. A robust, weather-resistant design will ensure that the compressor can withstand the rigors of outdoor use and remain functional in various environments.
- Noise Level: Consider the noise level of the compressor, especially if you plan to use it in quiet environments or near campsites. Quieter models are more user-friendly and can help maintain a peaceful atmosphere while still getting the job done.
Why is Air Pressure Output Critical for Off-Roading?
Air pressure output plays a crucial role in off-roading for several reasons, directly impacting vehicle performance and safety.
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Tire Performance: During off-road adventures, tire pressure must be adjusted according to the terrain. Lower pressures enhance traction on soft surfaces like sand and mud, while higher pressures are needed on rocky paths to prevent punctures. A reliable onboard air compressor allows for quick adjustments, ensuring optimal tire performance on varying terrains.
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Reinflation Speed: Off-roading can often lead to tire deflation due to rough terrain. A compressor with high PSI output can efficiently reinflate tires, minimizing downtime and keeping trips on schedule. This is particularly important when navigating rugged trails or when stuck in challenging situations.
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Versatility: An onboard air compressor isn’t just for tires—it can power tools for repairs, inflate camping gear like air mattresses, and more. High output air compressors ensure that you can handle various tasks effectively in remote locations.
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Safety: Maintaining the correct tire pressure is essential for safe driving. An onboard air compressor with appropriate pressure output helps prevent blowouts and improves vehicle handling, making every off-road excursion safer for all passengers.
Choosing a compressor that meets your specific air pressure needs is essential for a successful off-roading experience.
How Do Size and Weight Impact Your Jeep’s Performance?
Larger tires and a modified suspension can alter the Jeep’s center of gravity and handling characteristics. While larger tires may enhance off-road capability, they can also increase the weight and height of the vehicle, affecting stability and requiring careful consideration of weight and size when selecting components for performance enhancement.
What are the Top-Rated Jeep Onboard Air Compressors on the Market Today?
The best Jeep onboard air compressors combine durability, performance, and ease of use, making them essential for off-road enthusiasts.
- ARB CKMA12 Air Compressor: This compressor is highly regarded for its reliability and efficiency, providing a maximum pressure of 100 PSI. It features a compact design and is capable of inflating tires quickly, making it perfect for off-road applications. Its built-in thermal overload protection ensures safety during prolonged use.
- Viair 88P Portable Air Compressor: Known for its portability, the Viair 88P is a favorite among Jeep owners who need a lightweight and compact solution. It can inflate tires up to 33 inches and operates directly from the vehicle’s battery, making it convenient to use anywhere. The compressor also includes a 10-foot power cord and a 16-foot air hose, enhancing its reach.
- Milwaukee M12 Inflator: This battery-operated inflator is part of Milwaukee’s M12 tool system, allowing for compatibility with other M12 batteries. It delivers a maximum pressure of 120 PSI and features an auto shut-off function for precise inflation. Its compact size and built-in LED light make it ideal for night-time use or in tight spaces.
- ExtremeAire Portable Air Compressor: This compressor is designed for heavy-duty use, with a powerful motor capable of delivering high airflow rates. It’s ideal for inflating large tires and can also be used for other pneumatic tools. The rugged construction makes it suitable for harsh off-road environments, and it features a built-in pressure gauge for accurate monitoring.
- VIAIR 400P Automatic Portable Compressor: The VIAIR 400P is an automatic compressor that can inflate tires up to 35 inches with ease. It comes with a built-in pressure switch, which allows for automatic shut-off once the desired pressure is reached, adding convenience to its use. The unit is also equipped with a heavy-duty, durable carry bag for easy transport and storage.
How Do You Properly Install an Onboard Air Compressor in Your Jeep?
Proper installation of an onboard air compressor in your Jeep involves several essential steps to ensure safety and functionality.
- Choosing the Right Compressor: Selecting the best jeep onboard air compressor is crucial for performance and compatibility with your vehicle. Look for a unit with adequate PSI and CFM ratings that fit your needs, such as tire inflation or running air tools.
- Gathering Necessary Tools: Before installation, gather all required tools, including wrenches, screwdrivers, and wiring supplies. Having a complete toolkit will streamline the process and reduce the chances of errors during installation.
- Mounting the Compressor: Securely mount the compressor in a location that offers easy access and sufficient ventilation, such as under the hood or in the rear cargo area. Ensure it’s fastened with the appropriate hardware to prevent movement during off-road driving.
- Wiring the Electrical System: Connect the compressor to the battery using the correct gauge wire to handle the power load. Be sure to include a fuse in the circuit to protect against electrical surges and short circuits.
- Installing the Air Lines: Run the air lines from the compressor to the desired outlet points, ensuring that they are protected from heat and abrasion. Properly securing the lines will prevent leaks and damage during off-road use.
- Testing the System: Once installation is complete, test the compressor by turning it on and checking for leaks in the air lines. This step is vital to ensure everything is functioning correctly before relying on it in the field.
What Regular Maintenance is Needed for Your Jeep’s Onboard Air Compressor?
Regular maintenance of your Jeep’s onboard air compressor is essential to ensure optimal performance and longevity.
- Check Air Filter: Regularly inspect and clean or replace the air filter to prevent dirt and debris from entering the compressor. A clean air filter ensures that the compressor operates efficiently and helps maintain the quality of the air being supplied.
- Inspect Hoses and Connections: Examine all hoses and connection points for signs of wear or leaks. Damaged hoses can lead to loss of air pressure, making the compressor less effective for tire inflation or other uses.
- Monitor Pressure Levels: Keep an eye on the pressure levels of the compressor to ensure it is functioning within the recommended range. Operating outside this range can lead to overheating or damage to the unit.
- Lubricate Moving Parts: If your onboard air compressor has any moving parts, regularly apply lubricant as specified by the manufacturer. Proper lubrication reduces friction and wear, extending the lifespan of the compressor.
- Run Regular Tests: Perform regular tests to ensure the compressor is working correctly and efficiently. This can involve inflating tires or using the compressor for other applications to verify performance and identify any potential issues early.
- Check Electrical Connections: Inspect all electrical connections for corrosion or loose wires. Poor electrical connections can lead to inconsistent performance and may require immediate attention to avoid failure.