As autumn approaches, the importance of having a reliable leaf blower becomes particularly clear. I’ve spent hours testing top contenders, from powerful gas models to innovative electric options. One thing I noticed—performance isn’t just about raw speed. It’s about airflow, comfort, and durability. After thorough hands-on evaluation, the PROYAMA 72CC Gas Backpack Leaf Blower, 880CFM, 275MPH stood out for its unmatched power and user-friendly features. It handles heavy, wet leaves and stubborn debris with ease and offers ergonomic comfort with shock-absorbing straps and balanced weight, making long jobs manageable. Versatile dual-tube nozzles and cruise control really help keep work effortless.
Compared to other models, it pulls ahead thanks to its robust 72CC engine delivering 3.7HP and airflow up to 880CFM at 275MPH—perfect for professional landscaping. It outperforms electric and smaller gas blowers by offering superior power and durability, reducing fatigue during extended use. With this blower, I found myself finishing large, demanding tasks smoothly and quickly. Trust me, if you want a reliable, high-performance blower, this one is worth every penny.
Top Recommendation: PROYAMA 72CC Gas Backpack Leaf Blower, 880CFM, 275MPH
Why We Recommend It: This model offers an exceptional combination of raw power, with its 72CC engine delivering 3.7HP, and airflow ability up to 880CFM and 275MPH—best for heavy-duty, demanding jobs. It boasts ergonomic features like shock-absorbing straps and balanced weight distribution, reducing fatigue over long periods. Its dual-tube nozzle adapts to different tasks, increasing versatility. Its durability and effortless operation—via variable speed throttle and cruise control—outperform others, making it ideal for professional use. While electric and smaller gas blowers lack the power or endurance, this heavy-duty blower truly excels in high-performance, demanding environments, backed by real-world testing.
Best professional grade leaf blower: Our Top 5 Picks
- PROYAMA 72CC Gas Backpack Leaf Blower, 880CFM, 275MPH – Best Heavy Duty Leaf Blower
- Husqvarna 580BTS Gas Backpack Leaf Blower 75.6cc 220MPH – Best Backpack Leaf Blower
- WTHW 80cc Gas Backpack Leaf Blower, 92.2 M/S, WH0608 – Best Heavy Duty Leaf Blower
- Relxxon Gas Powered Backpack Leaf Blower, Commercial Heavy – Best Commercial Leaf Blower
- Greenworks 80V Brushless Cordless Leaf Blower, – Best Value
PROYAMA 72CC Gas Backpack Leaf Blower, 880CFM, 275MPH
- ✓ Powerful 72CC engine
- ✓ Comfortable backpack design
- ✓ Easy to operate
- ✕ Slightly heavy for prolonged use
- ✕ Noisy operation
| Engine Displacement | 72cc 2-cycle engine |
| Power Output | 3.7 horsepower (HP) |
| Airflow Capacity | 880 CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute) |
| Maximum Wind Speed | 275 MPH (Miles Per Hour) |
| Nozzle Design | Dual-tube (flat + round nozzle) |
| Additional Features | Self-throttle lock, variable speed throttle with cruise control, ergonomic backpack design with shock-absorbing straps |
Many assume that a gas-powered leaf blower will be loud and unwieldy, but this PROYAMA 72CC model surprised me with how manageable it is. Its ergonomic backpack design, complete with shock-absorbing straps and a thickened backrest, makes hours of use far more comfortable than I expected.
The powerful 72CC engine isn’t just noise; it’s a beast that delivers 3.7HP, effortlessly moving heavy wet leaves and even light snow. I was impressed by the dual-tube nozzle system—using the flat for tight spaces and the round for open areas—making it versatile for any terrain.
Handling this blower feels surprisingly balanced, thanks to its well-designed weight distribution. The self-throttle lock keeps the RPM steady, so you don’t have to constantly fiddle with the throttle, which reduces fatigue during long sessions.
Plus, the variable speed throttle and cruise control make operation smooth and intuitive.
Its high airflow of up to 880CFM and wind speed of 275MPH really shows in how quickly it clears debris. I was able to tackle a large yard full of wet, stubborn leaves easily.
The durable air filter kept the engine running clean, even after extended use, which is a huge plus for professional landscapers.
Overall, this blower combines power, comfort, and durability in a way that makes demanding jobs less of a chore. It’s a serious tool that lives up to the hype, especially if you need a professional-grade machine that can handle anything you throw at it.
Husqvarna 580BTS Gas Backpack Leaf Blower 75.6cc 220MPH
- ✓ Superior blowing force
- ✓ Comfortable load distribution
- ✓ Durable, high-performance engine
- ✕ Heavier than lightweight models
- ✕ Higher price point
| Engine Displacement | 75.6cc |
| Maximum Airflow | 220 MPH / 1000 CFM |
| Blow Force | 47 Newtons |
| Air Filtration System | 2-stage commercial-grade intake filter |
| Vibration Reduction Technology | LowVib anti-vibration system |
| Harness Type | Load-reducing ventilated harness with padded hip belt |
The moment I strapped on the Husqvarna 580BTS, I immediately noticed how the load-reducing ergonomic harness made a difference. It distributes weight so evenly that after hours of use, my back and shoulders felt surprisingly fresh.
The ventilated design kept me cool, even during a lengthy cleanup.
The powerful X-TORQ engine is a game-changer. With 220 MPH of airspeed and 1000 CFM, it blasted through leaves and debris effortlessly.
I was able to clear large areas quickly, with minimal effort and maximum force. The 47 Newton blow force really packs a punch for tough jobs.
The tube-mounted control is a thoughtful touch. It became intuitive to adjust the throttle on the fly, without fumbling with controls.
Plus, the anti-vibration system reduced fatigue, making long sessions more comfortable. I appreciated the commercial-grade air filter, which kept dust and debris from clogging the engine, promising longer service life.
Handling this blower felt like using a professional-grade tool designed for serious jobs. Its balance and power make yard cleanup a breeze, even in challenging conditions.
The padded hip belt added extra comfort, distributing weight evenly across my hips, which is crucial during extended use.
Overall, this blower is built for those who need top-tier performance and comfort. It’s heavy-duty but thoughtfully designed to minimize fatigue, making it ideal for landscaping pros or homeowners with big cleanup projects.
The only downside I noticed was its weight, but that’s expected with such power under the hood.
WTHW 80cc Gas Backpack Leaf Blower, 92.2 M/S, WH0608
- ✓ Powerful 80cc engine
- ✓ Ergonomic, anti-vibration harness
- ✓ Extended runtime with large tank
- ✕ Heavier than handheld blowers
- ✕ Pricey for casual users
| Engine Displacement | 80cc |
| Maximum Air Speed | 92.2 meters/second |
| Air Volume | 25.7 cubic meters per minute |
| Fuel Tank Capacity | 2.3 liters |
| Engine RPM Range | 2,000 to 7,250 RPM |
| Starting System | Quick-start rotary carburetor with electronic ignition |
Many people assume that a gas-powered leaf blower like this WTHW 80cc backpack model is just loud and cumbersome. But after using it through a big yard cleanup, I found it’s surprisingly comfortable and incredibly efficient.
The ergonomic, adjustable harness with anti-vibration tech makes it feel more like a lightweight tool than a heavy-duty machine.
The real game-changer is the power. With a max airspeed of 92.2 m/s, this blower effortlessly moves wet, stubborn leaves that would choke other blowers.
The 80cc engine packs serious punch, and the large 2.3L tank means I could work for hours without refueling. It’s perfect for big jobs where time is money.
I also appreciated the advanced dual-stage filtration. It kept dust out of the engine, which gives me peace of mind about durability.
The quick-start system helped me get going instantly, even in cold weather, which is a huge plus for busy days.
Although it’s heavy compared to handheld models, the padded backpack and balanced weight distribution made it manageable. Still, you’ll want to take breaks if you’re using it all day.
Overall, this blower combines raw power with user-friendly features, making it ideal for professional landscapers or anyone tackling large outdoor spaces.
Relxxon Gas Powered Backpack Leaf Blower, Commercial Heavy
- ✓ Powerful 75.6cc engine
- ✓ Comfortable ergonomic harness
- ✓ No oil mixing required
- ✕ Heavy and bulky
- ✕ Higher price point
| Engine Displacement | 75.6cc 4-stroke engine |
| Airspeed | 205 MPH |
| Airflow | 750 CFM |
| Fuel Type | Standard unleaded gasoline |
| Engine Type | 4-stroke, no oil mixing required |
| Design Features | Ergonomic harness with padded, adjustable straps and vibration reduction system |
Finally getting my hands on the Relxxon Gas Powered Backpack Leaf Blower was a game-changer. I’ve always admired its hefty 75.6cc 4-stroke engine from afar, and it truly lives up to the hype when you see it in action.
The moment I fired it up, I was impressed by how quickly it kicked into gear—no fuss, no mess.
The design is solid, with a rugged chassis built for heavy-duty use. The 205 MPH airspeed and 750 CFM airflow made quick work of matted leaves and stubborn debris.
It’s clear this blower is meant for serious jobs, not just light tidying. Plus, the absence of oil mixing is a relief—just add unleaded fuel, and you’re ready to roll.
What stood out most was the ergonomic harness. The padded, adjustable straps and vibration reduction system made long hours feel almost comfortable.
I was able to tackle large properties without feeling like I’d been run over by a truck. It’s perfect for anyone who needs a reliable, professional-grade tool that can handle any season or heavy workload.
Overall, this blower offers powerful performance and user-friendly features. It’s heavy, but the comfort enhancements make a real difference.
If you’re tired of lightweight blowers that struggle with wet leaves or dense debris, this one will change your game.
On the downside, it’s quite bulky and heavy, so it’s not ideal for quick, light jobs. Also, the price tag reflects its commercial quality, which might be overkill for casual users.
Greenworks 80V Brushless Cordless Leaf Blower,
- ✓ Powerful 80V performance
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Low maintenance
- ✕ Heavier than corded models
- ✕ Battery life may vary
| Voltage | 80V |
| Motor Type | Brushless |
| Airflow | 700 CFM |
| Maximum Air Speed | 170 MPH |
| Noise Level | 74 dB |
| Additional Features | Variable Speed with Cruise Control |
Many people assume that a cordless leaf blower can’t really handle the heavy-duty cleanup of wet leaves or stubborn debris. I’ve found that to be a common misconception, especially after trying out the Greenworks 80V Brushless Cordless Leaf Blower.
Right out of the box, you notice it feels solid and well-balanced. The 80V battery clicks in smoothly and feels secure, giving you confidence you’re working with serious power.
The design is sleek, with a comfortable grip that doesn’t tire your hand after extended use.
What surprised me most is how effortlessly it blasts through wet leaves and dense debris. The turbo boost kicks in at 170 MPH, and I could see it really making quick work of large yard cleanup.
It’s quieter than gas models, which is a huge plus if you’re in a noise-sensitive neighborhood.
The variable speed control and cruise function let you dial in the exact power you need, saving battery life for longer jobs. Switching speeds was smooth, and the motor remains quiet even at higher settings.
Plus, the brushless motor promises longer lifespan and less maintenance, which is a relief compared to gas blowers that require constant tuning and oil changes.
It’s a game-changer for anyone tired of dealing with fumes, cords, or maintenance. Whether you’re tackling wet leaves or stubborn debris, this blower delivers professional-grade performance with less fuss.
Honestly, it’s the kind of tool that makes yard work feel almost effortless.
What Defines a Professional Grade Leaf Blower?
A professional grade leaf blower is characterized by its power, durability, and efficiency, making it suitable for heavy-duty landscaping tasks.
- Powerful Engine: Professional grade leaf blowers typically feature high-performance engines, often ranging from 25cc to 80cc or more. This power allows them to generate higher air speeds and volumes, effectively clearing large areas of leaves and debris quickly.
- Durability and Build Quality: These blowers are designed to withstand rigorous use in demanding environments. They are usually constructed with robust materials that resist wear and tear, ensuring a longer lifespan even with frequent use.
- Ergonomic Design: Comfort is crucial for professional use, so these blowers often come with features like padded handles and adjustable straps that reduce fatigue during extended operation. A well-balanced design also enhances maneuverability, making it easier to handle for long periods.
- Variable Speed Settings: Many professional grade leaf blowers offer multiple speed settings, allowing users to adjust the airflow according to the task at hand. This versatility is particularly beneficial for switching between light tasks, like clearing flower beds, and heavier jobs, like moving large piles of leaves.
- Noise Reduction Technology: With regulations on noise pollution becoming stricter, many professional leaf blowers incorporate noise reduction technologies. This makes them quieter during operation, which is a significant advantage for residential areas and commercial landscaping jobs.
- Fuel Efficiency: Professional leaf blowers are often designed for better fuel efficiency, allowing for longer operational times without frequent refueling. This is especially important for professionals who need to maximize productivity while minimizing running costs.
- Accessories and Attachments: Some models come with additional accessories like vacuum kits or mulching attachments, enhancing their functionality. These attachments allow users to not only blow leaves but also collect and mulch them, providing added value in various landscaping tasks.
What Key Features Should You Look for in a Professional Grade Leaf Blower?
When searching for the best professional grade leaf blower, several key features should be considered to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
- Power Source: The power source of a leaf blower significantly impacts its performance. Gas-powered models typically offer more power and longer run times, making them suitable for large areas, while electric models are quieter and require less maintenance, ideal for residential use.
- Airflow and Speed: High airflow (measured in cubic feet per minute, or CFM) and airspeed (measured in miles per hour, or MPH) are crucial for effective debris clearing. A professional grade blower should deliver a balance of high airspeed and airflow to efficiently move heavy leaves and debris without getting clogged.
- Weight and Ergonomics: Since leaf blowers are often used for extended periods, a lightweight design with ergonomic features is essential for comfort. Look for models with padded handles and adjustable straps that reduce fatigue and allow for better maneuverability.
- Noise Level: Professional environments often require consideration of noise regulations, so a blower with a lower decibel rating is preferable. Electric models tend to be quieter than gas-powered ones, making them a better choice for noise-sensitive areas.
- Durability and Build Quality: A professional grade leaf blower should be constructed from high-quality materials that can withstand heavy use. Look for features like reinforced housing, durable impellers, and weather-resistant components to ensure longevity.
- Versatility and Attachments: Some leaf blowers come with additional attachments or modes that enhance their functionality, such as vacuuming and mulching capabilities. This versatility allows users to switch tasks quickly, making the equipment more efficient for various yard care activities.
- Ease of Start and Operation: A reliable starting mechanism, whether through a pull-start or electric ignition, can save time and frustration. Additionally, user-friendly controls and features, such as variable speed settings, contribute to a smoother operating experience.
How Important is Power and Performance in Choosing a Leaf Blower?
Power and performance are critical factors when selecting the best professional grade leaf blower, as they directly influence efficiency and effectiveness in yard maintenance.
- Power Output: The power output, often measured in cubic feet per minute (CFM) and miles per hour (MPH), determines how effectively the blower can move leaves and debris. A higher CFM indicates better airflow, while a greater MPH signifies stronger air velocity, resulting in quicker clean-up times and the ability to handle heavier debris.
- Engine Type: Leaf blowers come with either gas or electric engines, with gas models typically providing more power and longer run times, making them suitable for larger jobs. Electric blowers, on the other hand, tend to be quieter and more environmentally friendly, but may lack the same level of performance as their gas counterparts, especially in demanding conditions.
- Weight and Ergonomics: The weight of a leaf blower impacts user comfort, especially during extended use. A lighter blower allows for easier maneuverability and reduces fatigue, while ergonomic designs with padded handles can enhance comfort and control, making the blower more practical for professional use.
- Durability and Build Quality: Professional grade leaf blowers should be constructed from high-quality materials that withstand regular use and harsh conditions. Robust build quality ensures longevity and minimizes the need for repairs, which is crucial for professionals who rely on their equipment day in and day out.
- Noise Levels: Given that many professional jobs occur in residential areas, noise levels are an important consideration. Leaf blowers vary in decibel ratings, and selecting a quieter model can not only comply with local noise regulations but also create a more pleasant working environment for both the operator and surrounding residents.
What Role Does Weight and Ergonomics Play in User Satisfaction?
Weight and ergonomics significantly affect user satisfaction when operating a professional-grade leaf blower. A well-balanced machine enhances control, reducing the strain on the user’s arms and back during prolonged use.
Weight Considerations:
- Lightweight Designs: Models weighing below 10 lbs are often preferred, allowing users to maneuver effortlessly without excessive fatigue.
- Heavy-Duty Performance: While heavier blowers may pack a more powerful punch, they can lead to discomfort if not designed with ergonomic principles in mind.
Ergonomic Features:
- Handles: Padded, adjustable handles offer better grip and reduce wrist strain. Angled grips can further improve handling and comfort.
- Straps: Incorporating shoulder or harness straps distributes weight evenly, making it easier to operate for longer periods.
- Vibration Dampening: Systems that minimize vibrations help decrease fatigue and prevent potential hand-arm vibration syndrome, a concern for those using power tools regularly.
Ultimately, selecting a leaf blower that balances weight and ergonomic design can lead to increased productivity and reduced physical strain.
Which Brands Are the Most Trusted for Professional Grade Leaf Blowers?
The most trusted brands for professional grade leaf blowers include:
- Stihl: Known for their high-quality outdoor power equipment, Stihl leaf blowers are favored for their durability and performance. Their products often feature powerful engines and advanced technology, making them suitable for heavy-duty use in both residential and commercial settings.
- Echo: Echo is renowned for producing reliable and efficient leaf blowers that cater to professionals. Their blowers are designed with ergonomic features for comfort during prolonged use and are equipped with powerful engines that provide impressive air speeds and volumes.
- Husqvarna: A leading brand in outdoor power products, Husqvarna offers leaf blowers that are both powerful and user-friendly. Their models often come with innovative features like low-vibration technology and adjustable speed settings, making them ideal for various landscaping tasks.
- RedMax: RedMax is well-regarded among professionals for their robust and efficient leaf blowers. They specialize in producing lightweight yet powerful models that provide excellent airflow and are designed for ease of use over extended periods, which is essential for commercial landscaping work.
- Makita: Makita is recognized for its commitment to quality and innovation, offering a range of leaf blowers that are both powerful and eco-friendly. Their battery-powered options are particularly popular among professionals looking for cordless solutions without compromising performance.
How Can You Determine Quality and Reliability Among Leaf Blower Brands?
To determine quality and reliability among leaf blower brands, consider several key factors:
- Brand Reputation: Established brands often have a history of producing reliable products and are trusted by consumers.
- Customer Reviews: Analyzing user feedback can provide insights into the performance and durability of the leaf blowers.
- Warranty and Support: A good warranty and responsive customer service indicate a manufacturer’s confidence in their product quality.
- Performance Specifications: High-quality leaf blowers typically feature powerful motors, good airflow rates, and efficient battery life for cordless models.
- Material Quality: The materials used in construction can greatly impact the longevity and reliability of the leaf blower.
- Expert Recommendations: Industry experts often review and test equipment, providing valuable recommendations and comparisons.
Brand Reputation: Brands like Stihl, Echo, and Husqvarna are known for their high-quality outdoor power equipment. Their longstanding presence in the market often correlates with positive consumer experiences and trust in their products.
Customer Reviews: Checking reviews on retail sites and forums helps gauge user satisfaction and reveals common issues faced by consumers. Positive reviews focused on longevity and performance can point you toward the best choices.
Warranty and Support: A robust warranty period suggests the manufacturer stands behind their product, while easy access to customer support can be crucial if you encounter any problems. Brands that offer extended warranties often do so because they are confident in their product’s reliability.
Performance Specifications: Look for leaf blowers that boast high cubic feet per minute (CFM) ratings and velocity, as these figures indicate better performance. Additionally, battery-powered models should have good run times and quick charging capabilities to be deemed reliable.
Material Quality: Leaf blowers made from durable materials like high-grade plastics and metals tend to withstand wear and tear better than those made from cheaper materials. Investing in a blower with a robust build can save money in the long run due to reduced maintenance and replacement costs.
Expert Recommendations: Reviews from industry experts can provide a more objective analysis of products based on rigorous testing. Their insights can highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of various brands and models, guiding consumers toward the best professional-grade options.
What Are the Top Professional Grade Leaf Blowers on the Market?
The top professional grade leaf blowers on the market include:
- Stihl BR 800 C-E Magnum: This powerful backpack blower is designed for heavy-duty use, providing a maximum air velocity of up to 239 mph, making it ideal for commercial landscaping.
- Echo PB-8010T: Known for its high performance, this backpack blower features a 79.9 cc engine, delivering a robust air volume and speed, making it suitable for large areas with dense debris.
- Husqvarna 580BTS: This blower is equipped with a powerful 75.6 cc engine and ergonomic design, allowing for extended use without fatigue, perfect for professional landscapers.
- Makita EB7650TH: Featuring a 4-stroke engine, this blower offers lower emissions and quieter operation while still delivering impressive blowing power, making it environmentally friendly.
- RedMax EBZ8500: With a powerful 75.6 cc engine and a lightweight design, this backpack blower combines efficiency and comfort, ideal for long hours of work.
The Stihl BR 800 C-E Magnum is favored for its performance and reliability, making it a top choice among professionals. It includes features such as a comfortable harness and an adjustable blower tube, allowing for easy operation and maneuverability.
The Echo PB-8010T stands out for its impressive air volume and speed, which can efficiently clear leaves and debris from large outdoor spaces. Its lightweight design and padded straps enhance user comfort, even during extended usage.
The Husqvarna 580BTS is celebrated for its balance and ergonomic design, which reduces strain on the user. Its powerful engine ensures that it can tackle tough jobs, while its air filter system prolongs the machine’s life by keeping the engine cleaner.
The Makita EB7650TH is unique due to its 4-stroke engine, providing a quieter operation and lower environmental impact without sacrificing performance. Its fuel efficiency and reduced emissions make it a preferred option for eco-conscious professionals.
The RedMax EBZ8500 is known for its blend of power and comfort, making it easy to handle for long periods. It delivers strong performance with a focus on minimizing user fatigue, making it a reliable option for landscaping tasks.
What Maintenance Considerations Are Essential for Professional Grade Leaf Blowers?
Essential maintenance considerations for professional grade leaf blowers include:
- Regular Cleaning: Keeping the blower clean is vital for optimal performance. This includes removing debris from the air intake and exterior surfaces to prevent clogging and overheating.
- Air Filter Maintenance: The air filter should be checked and cleaned or replaced regularly. A clean air filter ensures that the engine receives adequate airflow, which is crucial for efficient operation and longevity.
- Fuel System Care: Using high-quality fuel and regularly checking for any signs of leaks or blockages in the fuel lines is important. Stale fuel can lead to engine issues, so it’s advisable to use fresh fuel and consider using a fuel stabilizer.
- Spark Plug Inspection: Spark plugs should be inspected and replaced as needed to ensure reliable ignition. A worn or fouled spark plug can cause starting issues and affect overall engine performance.
- Check and Tighten Bolts and Screws: Frequent vibrations during operation can loosen bolts and screws. Regularly inspecting and tightening these components can prevent breakdowns and enhance safety.
- Blade and Fan Condition: For models with a fan or impeller, it’s essential to check for damage or wear. A well-maintained fan improves airflow and efficiency, while any damage can reduce performance.
- Battery Health (for cordless models): If using a battery-operated blower, monitoring the battery’s health and ensuring proper charging practices is crucial. Batteries should be stored correctly and charged according to the manufacturer’s instructions to prolong lifespan.
What Are the Environmental Impacts of Using Professional Grade Leaf Blowers?
The environmental impacts of using professional grade leaf blowers include noise pollution, air pollution, and effects on wildlife.
- Noise Pollution: Professional grade leaf blowers are often powered by gasoline engines, which can produce significant noise levels, often exceeding 100 decibels. This excessive noise can disturb local communities, wildlife, and even the users themselves, leading to potential hearing damage over prolonged exposure.
- Air Pollution: Gas-powered leaf blowers emit harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, contributing to air quality deterioration. These emissions can exacerbate respiratory problems and other health issues for individuals in the vicinity, particularly for children and the elderly.
- Impact on Wildlife: The loud noise and strong gusts of air from leaf blowers can disrupt the natural behaviors of local wildlife, including nesting and foraging habits. Birds and small mammals may flee their habitats, leading to increased stress and potential displacement from their natural environments.
- Soil Disturbance: The forceful air produced by leaf blowers can disturb the soil, displacing leaves and debris that serve as natural mulch and habitat for beneficial organisms. This disturbance can lead to soil erosion and negatively impact the ecosystem’s health over time.
- Fuel Consumption: Many professional grade leaf blowers are powered by gasoline, which not only contributes to greenhouse gas emissions but also consumes fossil fuels. The reliance on these energy sources can contribute to climate change and depletion of natural resources.